Review

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: A New Environment Friendly Solvent

Saurabh Kumar Tiwari ORCID , Pratibha Yadav ORCID , Mrigank Mauli Dwivedi ORCID , Kamlesh Pandey ORCID
    Received: 28 February 2026 | Revised: 26 March 2026 | Accepted: 7 April 2026 | Published Online: 14 April 2026

    Abstract

    The fabrication of materials and chemical synthesis depend substantially on solvents. They are strategic part of the green chemistry framework. In accordance with green chemistry, solvents need to qualify certain parameters, such as biodegradability, non-toxicity, non-flammability, recyclability & reusability, low cost etc. to be termed as green solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are emerging as excellent “designer” alternatives to conventional solvents owing along with the above mentioned eco-friendly properties have exceptional thermal, moisture durability and best tunable features. DESs have a crucial role in several field related to chemical synthesis along with catalysis, material extraction and purification. They serve an array of roles as solvents, monomers, and templating agents. The Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)-based electrodeposition opens a new era of the development of metal, alloy, and metallic nanocomposite coatings with highly tailored properties. The corrosion resistance of these coatings is multifactorial, dictated by the DES composition, metal ion concentration, and precise electrochemical parameters. The Electrolytes based on DES are also useful and inexpensive replacements for traditional corrosive and environmentally hazardous aqueous acid solutions for metal alloy electropolishing. In this current review, we are providing an overview of recent research on DES in polymer synthesis and material fabrication.

    Keywords

    Deep Eutectic Solvent, Electropolishing, Green Solvent, Organic Synthesis, Polymerization

    References
    1. [1] Anastas, P.T., Warner, J.C., 2000. Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198506980.001.0001
    2. [2] Anastas, P.T., Williamson, T.C., 1996. Green Chemistry: Designing Chemistry for the Environment. American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA. p. 626.
    3. [3] Nandihalli, N., Gregory, D.H., Mori, T., 2022. Energy-Saving Pathways for Thermoelectric Nanomaterial Synthesis: Hydrothermal/Solvothermal, Microwave-Assisted, Solution-Based, and Powder Processing. Advanced Science. 9(25), 2106052. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202106052
    4. [4] Henderson, R.K., Jiménez-González, C., Constable, D.J.C., et al., 2011. Expanding GSK's Solvent Selection Guide—Embedding Sustainability into Solvent Selection Starting at Medicinal Chemistry. Green Chemistry. 13(4), 854–862. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c0gc00918k
    5. [5] Prat, D., Wells, A., Hayler, J., et al., 2016. CHEM21 Selection Guide of Classical- and Less Classical-Solvents. Green Chemistry. 18, 288–296. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC01008J
    6. [6] Verma, A., Srivastava, A., Tiwari, S.K., et al., 2020. Visible Light Promoted Formation of N–S Bond by Photocatalyst Eosin Y. Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry. 57(9), 3493–3498. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jhet.4069
    7. [7] Tiwari, S.K., Shivhare, K.N., Patel, M.K., et al., 2022. A Metal Free, Hantzsch Synthesis for Privileged Scaffold 1,4-Dihydropyridines: A Glycerol Promoted Sustainable Protocol. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. 42(4), 1035–1047. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10406638.2020.1764988
    8. [8] Abbott, A.P., Capper, G., Davies, D.L., et al., 2003. Novel Solvent Properties of Choline Chloride/Urea Mixtures. Chemical Communications. 1, 70–71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b210714g
    9. [9] Abbott, A.P., Boothby, D., Capper, G., et al., 2004. Deep Eutectic Solvents Formed between Choline Chloride and Carboxylic Acids: Versatile Alternatives to Ionic Liquids. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 126(29), 9142–9147. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/ja048266j
    10. [10] Zhang, Q., De Oliveira Vigier, K., Royer, S., et al., 2012. Deep Eutectic Solvents: Syntheses, Properties and Applications. Chemical Society Reviews. 41(21), 7108–7146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35178a
    11. [11] Hansen, B.B., Spittle, S., Chen, B., et al., 2021. Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Review of Fundamentals and Applications. Chemical Reviews. 121(3), 1232–1285. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00385
    12. [12] Fanjul-Mosteirín, N., Concellón, C., del Amo, V., 2016. L-Isoleucine in a Choline Chloride/Ethylene Glycol Deep Eutectic Solvent: A Reusable Reaction Kit for the Asymmetric Cross-Aldol Carboligation. Organic Letters. 18(17), 4266–4269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01989
    13. [13] Abranches, D.O., Martins, M.A.R., Silva, L.P., et al., 2019. Phenolic Hydrogen Bond Donors in the Formation of Non-Ionic Deep Eutectic Solvents: The Quest for Type V DES. Chemical Communications. 55(69), 10253–10256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9CC04846D
    14. [14] Arriaga, S., Aizpuru, A., 2019. Innovative Non-Aqueous Phases and Partitioning Bioreactor Configurations. Advances in Chemical Engineering. 54, 299–348. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.ache.2018.12.004
    15. [15] Suriyanarayanan, S., Olsson, G., Kathiravan, S., et al., 2019. Non-Ionic Deep Eutectic Liquids: Acetamide–Urea Derived Room Temperature Solvents. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20(12), 2857. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20122857
    16. [16] Panda, D.K., Bhargava, B.L., 2022. Molecular Dynamics Investigation of Non-Ionic Deep Eutectic Solvents. Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling. 113, 108152. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108152
    17. [17] Lazerges, M., Rietveld, I.B., Corvis, Y., et al., 2010. Thermodynamic Studies of Mixtures for Topical Anesthesia: Lidocaine–Salol Binary Phase Diagram. Thermochimica Acta. 497(1–2), 124–128. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2009.08.016
    18. [18] van Osch, D.J.G.P., Dietz, C.H.J.T., van Spronsen, J., et al., 2019. A Search for Natural Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Natural Components. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 7(3), 2933–2942. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03520
    19. [19] Ndizeye, N., Suriyanarayanan, S., Nicholls, I.A., 2019. Polymer Synthesis in Non-Ionic Deep Eutectic Solvents. Polymer Chemistry. 10(39), 5289–5295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9PY01039D
    20. [20] Ismail, N., Pan, J., Rahmati, M., et al., 2022. Non-Ionic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Membrane Formation. Journal of Membrane Science. 646, 120238. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120238
    21. [21] Ribeiro, B.D., Florindo, C., Iff, L.C., et al., 2015. Menthol-Based Eutectic Mixtures: Hydrophobic Low Viscosity Solvents. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 3(10), 2469–2477. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00532
    22. [22] van Osch, D.J.G.P., Dietz, C.H.J.T., Warrag, S.E.E., et al., 2020. The Curious Case of Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Story on the Discovery, Design, and Applications. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 8(29), 10591–10612. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00559
    23. [23] Liu, Y., Friesen, J.B., McAlpine, J.B., et al., 2018. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents: Properties, Applications, and Perspectives. Journal of Natural Products. 81(3), 679–690. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00945
    24. [24] Dai, Y., van Spronsen, J., Witkamp, G.-J., et al., 2013. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as New Potential Media for Green Technology. Analytica Chimica Acta. 766, 61–68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.019
    25. [25] van Osch, D.J.G.P., Zubeir, L.F., van den Bruinhorst, A., et al., 2015. Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents as Water-Immiscible Extractants. Green Chemistry. 17(9), 4518–4521. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C5GC01451D
    26. [26] Florindo, C., Branco, L.C., Marrucho, I.M., 2017. Development of Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Extraction of Pesticides from Aqueous Environments. Fluid Phase Equilibria. 448, 135–142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2017.04.002
    27. [27] Schaeffer, N., Martins, M.A.R., Neves, C.M.S.S., et al., 2018. Sustainable Hydrophobic Terpene-Based Eutectic Solvents for the Extraction and Separation of Metals. Chemical Communications. 54(58), 8104–8107. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CC04152K
    28. [28] Makoś, P., Przyjazny, A., Boczkaj, G., 2018. Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents as “Green” Extraction Media for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aqueous Samples. Journal of Chromatography A. 1570, 28–37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.070
    29. [29] van Osch, D.J.G.P., Parmentier, D., Dietz, C.H.J.T., et al., 2016. Removal of Alkali and Transition Metal Ions from Water with Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents. Chemical Communications. 52(80), 11987–11990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CC06105B
    30. [30] Dietz, C.H.J.T., Kroon, M.C., Di Stefano, M., et al., 2018. Selective Separation of Furfural and Hydroxymethylfurfural from an Aqueous Solution Using a Supported Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent Liquid Membrane. Faraday Discussions. 206, 77–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C7FD00152E
    31. [31] Haider, M.B., Jha, D., Kumar, R., et al., 2020. Ternary Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvents for Carbon Dioxide Absorption. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control. 92, 102839. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.102839
    32. [32] Janicka, P., Kaykhaii, M., Płotka-Wasylka, J., et al., 2022. Supramolecular Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their Applications. Green Chemistry. 24(13), 5035–5045. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D2GC00906D
    33. [33] Zhou, P., Liu, G., Fang, H., et al., 2024. Supramolecular Deep Eutectic Solvents: Current Advances and Critical Evaluation of Cyclodextrins from Solute to Solvent in Emerging Functional Food. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 23(6), e70026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.70026
    34. [34] Ioannou, K.A., Ioannou, G.D., Christou, A., et al., 2024. Novel Supramolecular Deep Eutectic Solvent (SUPRADES) as a Sole Chiral Selector in Capillary Electrophoresis for the Enantiomeric Separation of Fluorine-Substituted Amphetamine Analogs. Journal of Chromatography A. 1715, 464628. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464628
    35. [35] Zhang, J., Li, S., Yao, L., et al., 2024. Cyclodextrin-Based Ternary Supramolecular Deep Eutectic Solvents for Efficient Extraction and Analysis of Trace Quinolones and Sulfonamides in Wastewater by Adjusting pH. Analytica Chimica Acta. 1311, 342714. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2024.342714
    36. [36] Omar, K.A., Sadeghi, R., 2021. Novel Nonanol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents: Thermophysical Properties and Their Applications in Liquid-Liquid Extraction and Amino Acid Detection. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 336, 116359. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116359
    37. [37] Sun, P., Wang, C., Li, S., et al., 2024. Supramolecular Deep Eutectic Solvent: A Powerful Tool for Pre-Concentration of Trace Metals in Edible Oil. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 416(15), 3533–3542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-024-05304-x
    38. [38] Florindo, C., Celia-Silva, L.G., Martins, L.F.G., et al., 2018. Supramolecular Hydrogel Based on a Sodium Deep Eutectic Solvent. Chemical Communications. 54(54), 7527–7530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CC03266A
    39. [39] Zhou, M., Fakayode, O.A., Ahmed Yagoub, A.E., et al., 2022. Lignin Fractionation from Lignocellulosic Biomass Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Its Valorization. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 156, 111986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111986
    40. [40] Silva, E., Oliveira, F., Silva, J.M., et al., 2020. Optimal Design of THEDES Based on Perillyl Alcohol and Ibuprofen. Pharmaceutics. 12(11), 1121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12111121
    41. [41] Javed, S., Mangla, B., Sultan, M.H., et al., 2024. Pharmaceutical Applications of Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Systems (THEDES) in Maximising Drug Delivery. Heliyon. 10(9), e29783. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29783
    42. [42] Kalantri, S., Vora, A., 2024. Eutectic Solutions for Healing: A Comprehensive Review on Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Solvents (TheDES). Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy. 50(5), 387–400. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2024.2345131
    43. [43] Álvarez, M.S., Zhang, Y., 2019. Sketching Neoteric Solvents for Boosting Drugs Bioavailability. Journal of Controlled Release. 311–312, 225–232. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.008
    44. [44] Stewart, S.A., Domínguez-Robles, J., Donnelly, R.F., et al., 2018. Implantable Polymeric Drug Delivery Devices: Classification, Manufacture, Materials, and Clinical Applications. Polymers. 10(12), 1379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10121379
    45. [45] Tanner, E.E.L., Ibsen, K.N., Mitragotri, S., 2018. Transdermal Insulin Delivery Using Choline-Based Ionic Liquids (CAGE). Journal of Controlled Release. 286, 137–144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.07.029
    46. [46] Wang, H., Gurau, G., Shamshina, J., et al., 2014. Simultaneous Membrane Transport of Two Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients by Charge Assisted Hydrogen Bond Complex Formation. Chemical Science. 5(9), 3449–3456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C4SC01036A
    47. [47] Wang, J., Li, M., Duan, L., et al., 2022. Deep Eutectic Systems as Novel Vehicles for Assisting Drug Transdermal Delivery. Pharmaceutics. 14(11), 2265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112265
    48. [48] Shekaari, H., Zafarani-Moattar, M.T., Mokhtarpour, M., 2018. Experimental Determination and Correlation of Acetaminophen Solubility in Aqueous Solutions of Choline Chloride Based Deep Eutectic Solvents at Various Temperatures. Fluid Phase Equilibria. 462, 100–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2018.01.017
    49. [49] Mokhtarpour, M., Shekaari, H., Shayanfar, A., 2020. Design and Characterization of Ascorbic Acid Based Therapeutic Deep Eutectic Solvent as a New Ion-Gel for Delivery of Sunitinib Malate. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 56, 101512. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101512
    50. [50] Nahar, Y., Thickett, S.C., 2021. Greener, Faster, Stronger: The Benefits of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Polymer and Materials Science. Polymers. 13(3), 447. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13030447
    51. [51] Cai, L., Chen, G., Su, B., et al., 2021. 3D Printing of Ultra-Tough, Self-Healing Transparent Conductive Elastomeric Sensors. Chemical Engineering Journal. 426, 130545. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.130545
    52. [52] Tolmachev, D., Nazarychev, V., Fedotova, V., et al., 2023. Investigation of Structure and Properties of Polymerizable Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Choline Chloride and Acrylic Acid. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 370, 121030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121030
    53. [53] Yu, Z., Zhao, Y., Zhao, K., et al., 2024. Recent Advances in Liquid-Free Ionic Conductive Elastomers Based on Polymerizable Deep Eutectic Solvents: Preparations, Properties and Applications. Chemical Engineering Journal. 499, 156113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.156113
    54. [54] Fazende, K.F., Gary, D.P., Mota-Morales, J.D., et al., 2020. Kinetic Studies of Photopolymerization of Monomer-Containing Deep Eutectic Solvents. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics. 221(6), 1900511. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201900511
    55. [55] Isik, M., Ruiperez, F., Sardon, H., et al., 2016. Innovative Poly(Ionic Liquid)s by the Polymerization of Deep Eutectic Monomers. Macromolecular Rapid Communications. 37(14), 1135–1142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201600026
    56. [56] Ren'ai, L., Zhang, K., Chen, G., et al., 2018. Green Polymerizable Deep Eutectic Solvent (PDES) Type Conductive Paper for Origami 3D Circuits. Chemical Communications. 54(18), 2304–2307. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CC09209A
    57. [57] Corrigan, N., Jung, K., Moad, G., et al., 2020. Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (Controlled/living radical polymerization): From discovery to materials design and applications. Progress in Polymer Science. 111, 101311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101311
    58. [58] Lee, Y., Boyer, C., Kwon, M.S., 2023. Photocontrolled RAFT Polymerization: Past, Present, and Future. Chemical Society Reviews. 52, 3035−3097. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CS00069A
    59. [59] Braunecker, W.A., Matyjaszewski, K., 2007. Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization: Features, Developments, and Perspectives. Progress in Polymer Science. 32(1), 93–146. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.11.002
    60. [60] Maximiano, P., Mendonça, P.V., Santos, M.R.E., et al., 2017. Eutectic Mixtures as a Green Alternative for Efficient Catalyst Recycling in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerizations. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 55(3), 371–381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.28415
    61. [61] Mendonça, P.V., Lima, M.S., Guliashvili, T., et al., 2017. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DES): Excellent Green Solvents for Rapid SARA ATRP of Biorelevant Hydrophilic Monomers at Ambient Temperature. Polymer. 132, 114–121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2017.10.060
    62. [62] Quirós-Montes, L., Carriedo, G.A., García-Álvarez, J., et al., 2019. Deep Eutectic Solvents for Cu-Catalysed ARGET ATRP under an Air Atmosphere: A Sustainable and Efficient Route to Poly(methyl methacrylate) Using a Recyclable Cu(II) Metal–Organic Framework. Green Chemistry. 21, 5865–5875. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C9GC02624J
    63. [63] Santha Kumar, A.R.S., Singha, N.K., 2019. RAFT Polymerization of 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate in a Deep Eutectic Solvent. Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 57(23), 2281–2286. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.29527
    64. [64] Chou, Y.-T., Lee, W.-R., Yu, S.-S., 2024. Efficient Synthesis of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Poly(methyl methacrylate) via Visible Light-Induced RAFT Polymerization in Deep Eutectic Solvent. Macromolecules. 57(19), 9241–9249. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.4c01519
    65. [65] Sánchez-Condado, A., Carriedo, G.A., Presa Soto, A., et al., 2019. Organolithium-Initiated Polymerization of Olefins in Deep Eutectic Solvents under Aerobic Conditions. ChemSusChem. 12(13), 3134–3143. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201900533
    66. [66] Altundağ, A., Ünlü, A.E., Takaç, S., 2021. Deep Eutectic Solvent-Assisted Synthesis of Polyaniline by Laccase Enzyme. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology. 96(4), 1107–1115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6626
    67. [67] Khlupova, M., Vasil'eva, I., Shumakovich, G., et al., 2021. Enzymatic Polymerization of Dihydroquercetin (Taxifolin) in Betaine-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent and Product Characterization. Catalysts. 11(5), 639. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11050639
    68. [68] Putro, J.N., Soetaredjo, F.E., Lin, S.-Y., et al., 2016. Pretreatment and Conversion of Lignocellulose Biomass into Valuable Chemicals. RSC Advances. 6(52), 46834–46852. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA09851G
    69. [69] Bajpai, P., 2016. Structure of Lignocellulosic Biomass. In Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Biofuel Production. Springer: Singapore. pp. 7–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0687-6_2
    70. [70] Mankar, A.R., Pandey, A., Modak, A., et al., 2021. Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass: A Review on Recent Advances. Bioresource Technology. 334, 125235. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125235
    71. [71] Tong, J., Hu, W., Qin, Y., et al., 2023. Deep Eutectic Solvent Pretreatment for Green Preparation of Nanocellulose. Cellulose. 30, 4773–4792. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-023-05154-3
    72. [72] Hong, S., Shen, X.-J., Pang, B., et al., 2020. In-Depth Interpretation of the Structural Changes of Lignin and Formation of Diketones during Acidic Deep Eutectic Solvent Pretreatment. Green Chemistry. 22, 1851–1858. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC00006J
    73. [73] Luo, T., Wang, C., Ji, X., et al., 2021. Innovative Production of Lignin Nanoparticles Using Deep Eutectic Solvents for Multifunctional Nanocomposites. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 183, 781–789. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.005
    74. [74] Shen, F., He, C., Wang, Y., et al., 2023. Fully Upgrade Lignocellulose to Three Nanomaterials by Combinational Pretreatment: Refining Straw Waste to Pesticide Nanocarrier. Chemical Engineering Journal. 467, 143376. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.143376
    75. [75] Wang, Y., Liu, H., Ji, X., et al., 2023. Production of Nanocellulose Using Acidic Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Choline Chloride and Carboxylic Acids: A Review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 245, 125227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125227
    76. [76] Zhang, F., Huang, J., Wu, Z., et al., 2025. Lignin-Derived Deep Eutectic Solvent for Biomass Fractionation Based on α,γ-Diol Lignin Stabilization Strategy. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 308, 142053. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.142053
    77. [77] Willberg-Keyriläinen, P., Hiltunen, J., Ropponen, J., 2018. Production of Cellulose Carbamate Using Urea-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents. Cellulose. 25, 195–204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-017-1465-9
    78. [78] Liao, J., Wen, R., Zhao, X., et al., 2024. Quaternized Chitin as Biomaterial for Multiple Applications. Cellulose. 31, 4063–4083. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-024-05902-z
    79. [79] Yuan, Y., Hong, S., Lian, H., et al., 2020. Comparison of Acidic Deep Eutectic Solvents in Production of Chitin Nanocrystals. Carbohydrate Polymers. 236, 116095. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116095
    80. [80] Li, Z., Liu, C., Hong, S., et al., 2022. Recent Advances in Extraction and Processing of Chitin Using Deep Eutectic Solvents. Chemical Engineering Journal. 446, 136953. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.136953
    81. [81] Elieh-Ali-Komi, D., Hamblin, M.R., 2016. Chitin and Chitosan: Production and Application of Versatile Biomedical Nanomaterials. International Journal of Advanced Research. 4, 411–427.
    82. [82] Zehra, A., Amin, T., Wani, S.M., et al., 2024. Chitosan-Based Films. In: Amin, T., Naik, H.R., Hussain, S.Z., et al. (Eds.). Polysaccharide Based Films for Food Packaging: Fundamentals, Properties and Applications. Springer: Singapore. pp. 121–144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4898-7_5
    83. [83] Whistler, R.L., Daniel, J.R., 2000. Starch. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/0471238961.1920011823080919.a01
    84. [84] Skowrońska, D., Wilpiszewska, K., 2022. Deep Eutectic Solvents for Starch Treatment. Polymers. 14(2), 220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14020220
    85. [85] Zdanowicz, M., Wilpiszewska, K., Spychaj, T., 2018. Deep Eutectic Solvents for Polysaccharides Processing. A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers. 200, 361–380. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.078
    86. [86] Zdanowicz, M., Staciwa, P., Jędrzejewski, R., et al., 2019. Sugar Alcohol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents as Potato Starch Plasticizers. Polymers. 11(9), 1385. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11091385
    87. [87] Yan, T., Luo, X., He, X., et al., 2025. Waxy Maize Starch Treatment with Acidic Deep Eutectic Solvents: Effect of Molar Ratio and Carboxylic Acids' Structure. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 304, 140886. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140886
    88. [88] Zdanowicz, M., Sałasińska, K., 2023. Characterization of Thermoplastic Starch Plasticized with Ternary Urea-Polyols Deep Eutectic Solvent with Two Selected Fillers: Microcrystalline Cellulose and Montmorillonite. Polymers. 15(4), 972. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15040972
    89. [89] Zdanowicz, M., 2021. Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Urea, Polyols and Sugars for Starch Treatment. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 176, 387–393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.039
    90. [90] Xiao, Q., Dai, M., Zhou, H., et al., 2022. Formation and Structure Evolution of Starch Nanoplatelets by Deep Eutectic Solvent of Choline Chloride/Oxalic Acid Dihydrate Treatment. Carbohydrate Polymers. 282, 119105. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119105
    91. [91] Yu, D., Xue, Z., Mu, T., 2022. Deep Eutectic Solvents as a Green Toolbox for Synthesis. Cell Reports Physical Science. 3(4), 100809. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.100809
    92. [92] Kaur, H., 2026. Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES)-Based Gels: Structure, Properties, and Emerging Pharmaceutical Applications. ChemRxiv. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv-2026-mjlk8
    93. [93] Jaumaux, P., Liu, Q., Zhou, D., et al., 2020. Deep-Eutectic-Solvent-Based Self-Healing Polymer Electrolyte for Safe and Long-Life Lithium-Metal Batteries. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 59(23), 9134–9142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202001793
    94. [94] Bednarz, S., Fluder, M., Galica, M., et al., 2014. Synthesis of Hydrogels by Polymerization of Itaconic Acid–Choline Chloride Deep Eutectic Solvent. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 131(16). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/app.40608
    95. [95] Wang, X., Chen, G., Cai, L., et al., 2021. Weavable Transparent Conductive Fibers with Harsh Environment Tolerance. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 13(7), 8952–8959. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c21912
    96. [96] Wu, L., Zhou, J., Bu, X., et al., 2022. Highly Stretchable, Self-Recoverable, and Conductive Double-Network Gels Containing Deep Eutectic Solvent for a Flexible Supercapacitor and Strain Sensor. Journal of Electronic Materials. 51(9), 5074–5086. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-022-09743-z
    97. [97] Prasad, K., Mondal, D., Sharma, M., et al., 2018. Stimuli Responsive Ion Gels Based on Polysaccharides and Other Polymers Prepared Using Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents. Carbohydrate Polymers. 180, 328–336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.10.020
    98. [98] Fan, K., Wei, W., Zhang, Z., et al., 2022. Highly Stretchable, Self-Healing, and Adhesive Polymeric Eutectogel Enabled by Hydrogen-Bond Networks for Wearable Strain Sensor. Chemical Engineering Journal. 449, 137878. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.137878
    99. [99] Mercadal, P.A., Romero, M.R., Montesinos, M.d.M., et al., 2023. Natural, Biocompatible, and 3D-Printable Gelatin Eutectogels Reinforced with Tannic Acid-Coated Cellulose Nanocrystals for Sensitive Strain Sensors. ACS Applied Electronic Materials. 5(4), 2184–2196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaelm.3c00075
    100. [100] Biswas, R., Metya, A.K., Abebe, K.M., et al., 2023. Carbon Dioxide Solubility in Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents under Diverse Conditions. Journal of Molecular Modeling. 29(8), 236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00894-023-05643-z
    101. [101] Yadav, T.C., Srivastava, A.K., Mishra, P., et al., 2019. Electrospinning: An Efficient Biopolymer-Based Micro- and Nanofibers Fabrication Technique. In: Rathinam, N.K., Sani, R.K. (Eds.). Next Generation Biomanufacturing Technologies. American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, USA. pp. 209–241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-2019-1329.ch010
    102. [102] Sousa, A.M.M., Souza, H.K.S., Uknalis, J., et al., 2015. Improving Agar Electrospinnability with Choline-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 80, 139–148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.06.034
    103. [103] Mano, F., Aroso, I.M., Barreiros, S., et al., 2015. Production of Poly(vinyl Alcohol) (PVA) Fibers with Encapsulated Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) Using Electrospinning. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 3(10), 2504–2509. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00613
    104. [104] Mouro, C., Martins, R., Gomes, A.P., et al., 2023. Upcycling Wool Waste into Keratin Gel-Based Nanofibers Using Deep Eutectic Solvents. Gels. 9(8), 661. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/gels9080661
    105. [105] Zhang, Q., Lin, Z., Zhang, W., et al., 2020. Fabrication of Green Poly(vinyl Alcohol) Nanofibers Using Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent for Fast-Dissolving Drug Delivery. RSC Advances. 11, 1012–1021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA08755F
    106. [106] Marincaș, L., Farkas, N.-I., Barbu-Tudoran, L., et al., 2023. Deep Eutectic Solvent PCL-Based Nanofibers as Drug Delivery System. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 304, 127862. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2023.127862
    107. [107] Lai, C.-W., Yu, S.-S., 2020. 3D Printable Strain Sensors from Deep Eutectic Solvents and Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 12(30), 34235–34244. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c11152
    108. [108] Sheikhi, M., Rafiemanzelat, F., Ghodsi, S., et al., 2022. 3D Printing of Jammed Self-Supporting Microgels with Alternative Mechanism for Shape Fidelity, Crosslinking and Conductivity. Additive Manufacturing. 58, 102997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.102997
    109. [109] Wang, S., Zhang, L., Ma, R., et al., 2023. A Novel One-Pot Strategy to Construct 3D-Printable Cellulose Nanofiber/Poly (Deep Eutectic Solvent) Conductive Elastomers. Chemical Engineering Journal. 454, 140022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.140022
    110. [110] Su, J., Li, S., Chen, Y., et al., 2021. 3D Photoprintable Antistatic Materials with Polymerizable Deep Eutectic Solvents. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. 60, 17797–17803. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03317
    111. [111] Cai, L., Chen, G., Tian, J., et al., 2021. Three-Dimensional Printed Ultrahighly Sensitive Bioinspired Ionic Skin Based on Submicrometer-Scale Structures by Polymerization Shrinkage. Chemistry of Materials. 33, 2072–2079. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c04581
    112. [112] Zhu, G., Zhang, J., Huang, J., et al., 2022. Self-Healing, Antibacterial, and 3D-Printable Polymerizable Deep Eutectic Solvents Derived from Tannic Acid. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 10(24), 7954–7964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c01328
    113. [113] Li, Y., Kankala, R.K., Wu, L., et al., 2023. 3D-Printed Photocurable Resin with Synergistic Hydrogen Bonding Based on Deep Eutectic Solvent. ACS Applied Polymer Materials. 5(1), 991–1001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.2c01916
    114. [114] Ramesh, S., Shanti, R., Morris, E., 2013. Characterization of Conducting Cellulose Acetate Based Polymer Electrolytes Doped with 'Green' Ionic Mixture. Carbohydrate Polymers. 91(1), 14–21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.07.061
    115. [115] Pulyalina, A., Rostovtseva, V., Faykov, I., et al., 2021. Development of Novel Polyamide-Imide/DES Composites and Their Application for Pervaporation and Gas Separation. Molecules. 26(4), 990. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040990
    116. [116] Russo, F., Tiecco, M., Galiano, F., et al., 2022. Launching Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADESs), in Combination with Different Harmless Co-Solvents, for the Preparation of More Sustainable Membranes. Journal of Membrane Science. 649, 120387. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120387
    117. [117] Khajavian, M., Vatanpour, V., Castro-Muñoz, R., et al., 2022. Chitin and Derivative Chitosan-Based Structures—Preparation Strategies Aided by Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Review. Carbohydrate Polymers. 275, 118702. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118702
    118. [118] Shafie, M.H., Yusof, R., Samsudin, D., et al., 2020. Averrhoa bilimbi Pectin-Based Edible Films: Effects of the Linearity and Branching of the Pectin on the Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Barrier Properties of the Films. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 163, 1276–1282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.109
    119. [119] Sousa, A.S.B.D., Lima, R.P., Silva, M.C.A.D., et al., 2022. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent of Choline Chloride with Oxalic or Ascorbic Acids as Efficient Starch-Based Film Plasticizers. Polymer. 259, 125314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125314
    120. [120] Zeraatkar Moghaddam, A., Tabani, H., Bameri, A., et al., 2024. Agarose-Based Gel Electromembrane Extraction Using Silica Nanoparticles Coated with Polymeric Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Membrane Additive. Journal of Molecular Liquids. 401, 124615. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2024.124615
    121. [121] Guo, Y., Tian, D., Shen, F., et al., 2019. Transparent Cellulose/Technical Lignin Composite Films for Advanced Packaging. Polymers. 11(9), 1455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11091455
    122. [122] Xia, Q., Chen, C., Yao, Y., et al., 2021. A Strong, Biodegradable and Recyclable Lignocellulosic Bioplastic. Nature Sustainability. 4(7), 627–635. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00702-w
    123. [123] Yu, J., Xu, S., Goksen, G., et al., 2023. Chitosan Films Plasticized with Choline-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents: UV Shielding, Antioxidant, and Antibacterial Properties. Food Hydrocolloids. 135, 108196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108196
    124. [124] Moon, G.Y., Youn, H.S., Kim, G.H., et al., 2025. Effect and Characterization Comparison of Various Deep Eutectic Solvent Types in Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass and Bioplastic Production. Industrial Crops and Products. 225, 120452. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.120452
    125. [125] Wan Chik, M., Hadi, N., Yusof, R., 2025. Effect of Choline Chloride/Citric Acid Ratios on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Citrus Maxima Rind Pectin-Based Bioplastic. Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences. 127(1), 223–236. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.127.1.223236
    126. [126] Mane, R.S., Jadhav, V., Al-Enizi, A.M., 2023. Solution Methods for Metal Oxide Nanostructures. Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands. pp. 197–220.
    127. [127] Simka, W., Puszczyk, D., Nawrat, G., 2009. Electrodeposition of Metals from Non-Aqueous Solutions. Electrochimica Acta. 54(23), 5307–5319. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2009.04.028
    128. [128] Ferreira, E.S.C., Pereira, C.M., Silva, A.F., 2013. Electrochemical Studies of Metallic Chromium Electrodeposition from a Cr(III) Bath. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 707, 52–58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.08.005
    129. [129] Smith, E.L., Abbott, A.P., Ryder, K.S., 2014. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Their Applications. Chemical Reviews. 114(21), 11060–11082. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/cr300162p
    130. [130] Popescu, A.-M., Cojocaru, A., Donath, C., et al., 2013. Electrochemical Study and Electrodeposition of Copper(I) in Ionic Liquid-Reline. Chemistry Research in Chinese Universities. 29(5), 991–997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40242-013-3013-y
    131. [131] Pollet, B.G., Hihn, J.-Y., Mason, T.J., 2008. Sono-Electrodeposition (20 and 850 kHz) of Copper in Aqueous and Deep Eutectic Solvents. Electrochimica Acta. 53(12), 4248–4256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.12.059
    132. [132] Abbott, A.P., Capper, G., McKenzie, K.J., et al., 2006. Voltammetric and Impedance Studies of the Electropolishing of Type 316 Stainless Steel in a Choline Chloride Based Ionic Liquid. Electrochimica Acta. 51(21), 4420–4425. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2005.12.030
    133. [133] Wang, S., Zhang, Z., Lu, Z., et al., 2020. A Novel Method for Screening Deep Eutectic Solvent to Recycle the Cathode of Li-Ion Batteries. Green Chemistry. 22(14), 4473–4482. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D0GC00701C
    134. [134] Abbott, A.P., Capper, G., Davies, D.L., et al., 2006. Solubility of Metal Oxides in Deep Eutectic Solvents Based on Choline Chloride. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data. 51(4), 1280–1282. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/je060038c
    135. [135] Tran, M.K., Rodrigues, M.-T.F., Kato, K., et al., 2019. Deep Eutectic Solvents for Cathode Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries. Nature Energy. 4(4), 339–345. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-019-0368-4
    136. [136] Roldán-Ruiz, M.J., Ferrer, M.L., Gutiérrez, M.C., et al., 2020. Highly Efficient p-Toluenesulfonic Acid-Based Deep-Eutectic Solvents for Cathode Recycling of Li-Ion Batteries. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 8(14), 5437–5445. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c00892
    137. [137] Ammar, M., Ashraf, S., Gonzalez-Casamachin, D.A., et al., 2024. Recent Progress of Urea-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents as Electrolytes in Battery Technology: A Critical Review. Batteries. 10(2), 45. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10020045
    138. [138] Azmi, S., Koudahi, M.F., Frackowiak, E., 2022. Reline Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Green Electrolyte for Electrochemical Energy Storage Applications. Energy & Environmental Science. 15(3), 1156–1171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D1EE02920G
    139. [139] Zhang, C., Zheng, H., Lin, L., et al., 2024. Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes for High-Voltage and High-Safety Lithium Metal Batteries. Advanced Energy Materials. 14(35), 2401324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202401324
    140. [140] Ruiz-Olles, J., Slavik, P., Whitelaw, N.K., et al., 2019. Self-Assembled Gels Formed in Deep Eutectic Solvents: Supramolecular Eutectogels with High Ionic Conductivity. Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 58(13), 4173–4178. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201810600
    141. [141] Li, J., Tu, J., Jiao, H., et al., 2017. Ternary AlCl₃-Urea-[EMIm]Cl Ionic Liquid Electrolyte for Rechargeable Aluminum-Ion Batteries. Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 164(13), A3093–A3100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0811713jes
    142. [142] Ng, K.L., Malik, M., Buch, E., et al., 2019. A Low-Cost Rechargeable Aluminum/Natural Graphite Battery Utilizing Urea-Based Ionic Liquid Analog. Electrochimica Acta. 327, 135031. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135031
    143. [143] Li, C.-L., Huang, G., Yu, Y., et al., 2022. A Low-Volatile and Durable Deep Eutectic Electrolyte for High-Performance Lithium–Oxygen Battery. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 144(13), 5827–5833. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c11711
    144. [144] Zhang, T., Yu, J., Lin, T., et al., 2025. Fluorinated Deep Eutectic Gel Electrolytes for Sustainable Lithium Metal Batteries. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 147(36), 32861–32872. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c08642
    145. [145] Zhang, X., Tang, Q., Luo, H., et al., 2025. Hydrogen Bond Reconstruction Maneuver in Eutectic Electrolyte Enables Ultralong-Lifespan Zinc-Ion Batteries. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 147(43), 39440–39451. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c12021
    146. [146] Stettler, A.M., Blanchard, S.S., Baker, G.A., et al., 2026. The Direct Piezoelectric Effect in Deep Eutectic Solvents. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 148(6), 5900–5904. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5c21126
    147. [147] Yadav, N., Ansari, M.D., Yadav, V.B., et al., 2021. Metal-Free Visible-Light-Mediated Organophotoredox Catalysis: Synthesis of 3-Functionalized Indole via C–C, C–N Bond Formation. Molecular Diversity. 25(2), 1103–1109. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11030-020-10044-y
    148. [148] Tiwari, S.K., Nazeef, M., Verma, A., et al., 2022. BF₃-Etherate Promoted Facile Access to Vinyloxyimidazopyridines: A Metal-Free Sustainable Approach. Molecular Diversity. 26, 1259–1266. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11030-021-10228-0
    149. [149] Shuheil, M.A., Zaki, M.E.A., Priya, G.P., et al., 2026. Cu(II)–Functionalized Magnetic Fe₃O₄@SiO₂–TCCP Catalyst for the Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in Deep Eutectic Solvents. Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10904-025-04157-w
    150. [150] Chegeni, E., Habibi, D., Monem, A., 2026. The Arginine/Gallic Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Capable Catalyst for the Green Synthesis of Pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidines. Scientific Reports. 16, 4627. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34760-3
    151. [151] Tran, T.-A.N., Nguyen, L.D., Nguyen, K.N., et al., 2026. A Brønsted-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent as a Green Catalyst for the Sustainable One-Pot Synthesis of 1,2,4,5-Tetrasubstituted Imidazole Derivatives: In Vitro Cytotoxicity and In Silico Binding Studies on HepG2 Cells. RSC Advances. 16(17), 15249–15265. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D6RA00422A
    152. [152] Xiong, J., Liu, J., Lu, J., et al., 2026. Tunable Deep Eutectic Solvents for Selective Production of 5-Methylfurfural from Enteromorpha prolifera Derived Rhamnose: A Mechanistic Insight. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering. 14(2), 121542. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2026.121542
    Back to top