Article

From Saying to Showing: Action, the Economy of Silence, and the Limits of Development Discourse

Viateur Nkurunziza ORCID
    Received: 14 March 2026 | Revised: 9 June 2026 | Accepted: 16 June 2026 | Published Online: 23 June 2026

    Abstract

    Contemporary discourses on inclusive and just development emphasise ambitions of empowerment and capacity-building without producing genuine socio-economic transformation. This article develops the concept of the Economy of Silence to explain why the smallest and most constrained actors are often those who generate social change most effectively in comparison with institutions that are dominant at the discursive level. Drawing on Ludwig Wittgenstein’s distinction between “saying” and “showing” in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, the article argues that meaningful language must remain anchored in facts. When discourse becomes detached from material transformation, it generates what this article calls discursive inflation: the circulation of language without corresponding changes in reality. In a context of economic scarcity, material and institutional constraints require a certain discipline on the part of the actors who are most exposed to the consequences and do not have discursive power. Exposing their actions to consequences aligns intention, practice, and outcome. Action therefore functions as a materially intelligible form of communication that remains accountable to consequences. Amartya Sen's capabilities approach suggests that development consists of valuing the expansion of freedoms and opportunities available to individuals to achieve functioning using available resources, and not just by making mere declarative commitments. The article concludes that silence, often understood as exclusion, sidelining from institutional discourse or renunciation, emerges rather as the structural condition in which ethical, economic and political meaning converges in facts rather than in discourse.

    Keywords

    Economy of Silence, Wittgenstein, Capability Approach, Discursive Inflation, Scarcity and Adaptive Rationality, Saying and Showing, Philosophy of Language, Development Discourse

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