Article

Design and Implementation of an Automated Toll Collection System

Moses Kwasi Torkudzor ORCID , Stephen Andoh Baffoe ORCID , Gabriel Senyah ORCID , Micheal Gyamfi Opoku ORCID , Yitzak Ofori ORCID , Patrick Atsu Agbemabiese ORCID
    Received: 3 February 2026 | Revised: 20 March 2026 | Accepted: 27 March 2026 | Published Online: 3 April 2026

    Abstract

    Manual toll collection systems exacerbate traffic congestion, economic inefficiency, and environmental pollution, particularly in rapidly urbanizing regions. Several technologies were introduced over the years to address problems associated with manual toll collection. Despite these developments, challenges remain in making the toll collection system more efficient. This study therefore presents the design, construction, and validation of a fully functional prototype of an Automated Toll Collection System (ATCS) to address traffic congestion and its associated issues. The system integrates an ESP32 microcontroller, an MFRC522 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) reader for vehicle identification, and a load cell with an HX711 amplifier for Weight-In-Motion (WIM) measurement. A dynamic toll calculation algorithm implements a fair, weight-based pricing model which provides a practical solution for addressing the issues of vehicular traffic congestion associated with the traditional manual system of toll collection. Firebase, together with a custom Node.js webhook, has been integrated with the Paystack payment system Application Programming Interface (API) to process real-time mobile money toll payment/top-ups, and If This Then That (IFTTT) services are used for transaction logging and user notifications. Validation demonstrates the prototype’s robust functionality by successfully processing transactions with sufficient balances and intelligently handling insufficient funds by recording debt and automatically generating payment links. By enabling non-stop vehicular flow, cashless transactions, and equitable data-driven tolling, this scalable IoT-based solution is applicable in transportation infrastructure, enhancing traffic flow, revenue security, and sustainable urban mobility.

    Keywords

    Automated Toll Collection, Cashless Payment, Internet of Things (IoT), Radio Frequency Identification, Smart Transportation, Weigh-In-Motion

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